Aspirins

Can someone please answer my questions on heart valve disease? I know that a symptom is shortness of breath (especially with excersise) but can you have shortness of breath just when sitting still and resting and not with excersise?? Can the shortness of breath be on and off?? SO maybe you will feel short of breath for a few days then for a few days, weeks or months you will feel fine?? Will you have more then one symptom with heart valve disease?? And will a doctor hear a murmur if you have it??

if one of the heart's lobs is found enlarged, does it indicate a symptom of an heart disease.? if an heart valve has minor leak, how it affects and how should it be treated

Certain symptoms, along with my heart disease, is this serious? So im 15 years old, and i have Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation, Bicuspid Aortic valve, and a slightly enlarged Aorta. I go to my Cardiologist every April, but over the last couple months, i have been getting some really bad chest pains, sometimes it hurts to even move my left arm into me or above my head or anything, and sometimes the pain makes my arm go kind of tingly and numb. Also i will get the feeling of not being able to get enough air, and i will be very short of breath, and this happens sometimes when im just laying on the couch, or in bed. Also I've been getting some chest flutters, and my heart will feel like its just fluttering in my chest, and sometimes it will feel like its about to jump right out of my chest. And also lately i start getting short of breath even as im walking up the stairs, changing, or bringing in grocery's, and if i run for more then a minute, i get to the point were i cant breath at all. Also im always tired, i can sleep up to 15 hours a day and still be tired. I've tried reducing the amount i sleep, exercising more, changing what i eat but nothing works. Im just wondering if this is serious? is it something i should be worried about? i see my cardiologist next month, but i just though i would ask. Also, im not sure if this has anything to do with my heart condition, but lately over the last year, my Hands and feet will get very cold, but the rest of my body is warm. Sometimes from my elbow to my hand will be cold, or sometimes it will be only one hand, or just my fingers and toes. Also after i get my Chest pains, it goes into my shoulder and into the upper part of my back, like in between my shoulder blades. And also, sometimes when i am laying down, and i get stand up i will get very dizzy, i will start seeing black spots then everything goes black, and then it all goes away. When this happens i cant keep my balance and i have to hold onto something. It all happens with in a matter of a minute. It doesnt happen all the time, maybe a couple times a month.

These symptoms, on top of my existing heart disease? I've posted this once before, but i wanted to see if i got any different answers, or more answers. Just to make sure i don't make a fuss to my doctor over nothing. So I’m 15 years old, and I have Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation, Bicuspid Aortic valve, and a slightly enlarged Aorta. I go to my Cardiologist every April, but over the last couple months, I have been getting some really bad chest pains, sometimes it hurts to even move my left arm into me or above my head or anything, and sometimes the pain makes my arm go kind of tingly and numb. Also after I get my Chest pains, it goes into my shoulder and into the upper part of my back, like in between my shoulder blades, but only on my left side. Also I will get the feeling of not being able to get enough air, and I will be very short of breath, and this happens sometimes when I’m just laying on the couch, or in bed. Also I've been getting some chest flutters, and my heart will feel like its just fluttering in my chest, and sometimes it will feel like its about to jump right out of my chest. And also lately I start getting short of breath even as I’m walking up the stairs, changing, or bringing in grocery's, and if I run for more then a minute, I get to the point were I cant breath at all. Also I’m always tired, I can sleep up to 15 hours a day and still be tired. I've tried reducing the amount I sleep, exercising more, changing what I eat but nothing works. Also, I’m not sure if this has anything to do with my heart condition, but lately over the last year, my Hands and feet will get very cold, but the rest of my body is warm. Sometimes from my elbow to my hand will be cold, or sometimes it will be only one hand, or just my fingers and toes. And also, sometimes when I am laying down, and I get stand up I will get very dizzy, I will start seeing black spots then everything goes black, and then it all goes away. When this happens I cant keep my balance and I have to hold onto something. It all happens with in a matter of a minute. It doesn’t happen all the time, maybe once a week, sometimes more, sometimes less, but it happens at least a couple times month. I’m just wondering if this is serious? is it something I should be worried about? I see my cardiologist next month, but I just though I would ask.

Help how do I stop doing this? I have an anxiety disorder. The most common physical symptom i get is difficulty breathing. Whenever this happens i will spend hours looking diseases up on the internet and there symptoms. Ive spent the last hour researching heart valve disease. I look up symptoms of diseases if I get a needle (serious side effects) if i feel nauseaus, get a stomach ache etc. How do I stop looking things up?? because the more i look them up the more worried i get. Now im really worried about heart valve disease. Im 15 btw

about my husbands bad mitral valve,doctor,symptoms prophylactic meds.? my hubby, is 55 who needs a mitral valve.. queston: this was his second echo.first was done 5 yrs ago. i ask art(hubby)the next Dr. visit,"how was the test?" Ok i guess Dr. didn't say anything? 3 mths later,We WE WENT TO drs. I asked dr.about test(.answer): What test? To make this shorter, not get hopping mad again.we were sent to the cardiologists in 4days, results. Needs new valve.He now has"servere" mitral valve disease. I'd like a new internest.wouldn't you? this last echo shouldn't have been missed. should he be on asprin therapy until surgery? cardio said he has calcium builup on valves & thinks he was born with 2 mitral flaps not 3. cardo said lets wait till he gets more symtoms? Art is always sleeping..at the least 10 to 12 at night and 1, 2naps. Has different pressures in his arms. no chest pain, pressure. his heart is VERY loud.can he have heart attack at any time question: Mechanicl or pig valve.why? me"respiratory" life suports advise:of other potential symps?

Do I have heart disease? Any Doctors in the house?!? I don't have health insurance, or I wouldn't be asking this question. So please don't tell me to go see a doctor. If there are any doctors that come on here just to help people out, though, I'd appreciate your help. I was diagnosed with Mitro Valve Prolapse a couple years ago. I'm 21. My doc said there was something irregular in my EKG, and just brushed it off as the MVP. However, I've been doing some research on heart disease, and I got kind of scared. Here are my symptoms: Hardened skin around finger nails (excluding pinky and ring finger) Frequent night-time urination Trouble sleeping Shortness of breath - while being active or inactive (could be MVP) Please only answer this question if you're a doctor... Thanks for the help... let me know if you need more details, and what details you may need... Thanks!

Are these symptoms separate or correlating?...What is wrong with me? I am 17, 5'3 and 110 lbs. I feel really dizzy sometimes when I stand up from a long time of sitting. I get frequent headaches, and my stomach is always feeling upset. The symptoms have been going on since I hit puberty. Tampons make me sick, so I've had TSS, not sure if that is of any correlation. Sometimes I have trouble keeping my balance. If I stare at something for a long time too it appears to be moving as if I were on acid. I had taken acid a few years ago not sure if that is what is doing it. (The dizziness was felt way before any of that stuff) I often feel weird strong annoying pulses in my body or my heartbeat in an unusual place. I have stinging pains in my legs but I think those are just growing pains. I do not eat an entirely healthy diet, I pee a lot, but you will also never find me without a drink because I feel constantly dehydrated. When I am under stress or over-working my body I heat up really bad and get dizzy and my vision makes me feel like I am spinning. It also happens after a hot bath, I once lost all control and fell to the ground, but still was conscious. Recently, I'm under some heavy emotional stress, and recently I've been having moderate chest pains when I'm under severe stress. The worst was mid argument with my family, it made me clench towards my left side. My mom has hypoglycemia, and my dad's side has a history of heart disease although my father's heart valve is 5x bigger than a normal person's valve. I've had a stinging pain in my back around a small bump right next to my tattoo that I've had for a few years. I also just quit smoking after 4 years.

Anybody have a small dog with mitral valve disease? My sweet chihuahua was recently diagnosed with mitral regurgitation. It is very minor at this point but it will eventually lead to heart problems for her. The vet said there is no treatment for the disease at this stage of the game. We are supposed to take her back for another echocardiogram in a year to check the murmur. She said we might start to see a decline in the next 3-5 years. She has no symptoms now outside of her murmur (a 2 on the 1-6 scale) . Anybody have experience with this? Vet says no treatment yet, but it would be great to do something rather than nothing. What can we expect, etc? Thanks so much.

Factors to be cautious after Stent Placement? Heart Disease? My dad wasnt feeling good so he went to the hospital. As the doctor started performing the primary tests, he was immediately wheeled to ICU ward and they told my family (I live overseas) that an immediate stent placement has to be performed because his (I dont know which) valve was 99 percentage blocked. They also said that my dad was almost at the last hr, and they were not sure if they can make him feel better. Later on, big success that my dad got well. The performed Angioplasty and stent placement and my dad gradually got better. My dad is in home taking complete rest right now, and that i live oversease, i'm always worried. Could any of you please insight me on the following that's really been straining my head: a) Likelihood or contributing factor for another attack. b) Alarm - sign or symptoms to pay attention to before any attacks c) Does checking BP or pulse rate give you an idea how the heart is behaving? d) How long do people usually survive after this kind of attacks? e) Any special notes or similar experience you have had or know of you'd like to share? Thanks in advance, Worried but loving son.

results from heart tests im confused I am a 32 year old non smoking woman and have had various tests due to an abnormal ECG during a routine operation. My echo showed mild to moderately impaired left ventricular function with no significant valve disease. The myocardial perfusion scan showed a fixed anterior defect consistent with attenuation and a fixed septal defect most likely secondary to the LBBB but with no reversible ischaemia. this is not consistent with ischaemia being the aetiology of the left ventricular dysfunction. a 24 hr tape shoed sinus rhythm throughout with no significant arrhythmias. I have a dilated cardiomyopathy. I have no symptoms or signs of heart failure. I have been put on ACE-Inhibitor Ramipril 2.5mg being increased every 2 weeks up to 10mg daily and then getting put on beta blockers as well. I am unsure what all this means other than I cannot fall pregnant on these tablets and the doctor is unsure that my heart could tolerate a pregnancy. Does anyone know what these results mean in a easy to understand way. I would appreciate anyone knowledge or if anyone has had the same results. I am named Lisa and Mark is my husband, I copied the details from the letter my cardiologist sent to my doctor as they now copy you into them. I am a civil servant. I would just like to know if anybody knows what these results mean and what sort of outlook I have?

Lyme's Disease?!?!? For years now, I've suffered with panic attacks and anxiety that also came with heart palpitations. They do not go hand and hand, and often do not occur at the same time. I've also always been a bit lethargic, but after getting these 'attacks' even more so. I pretty much have ALL the symptoms of Late Term Lymes Disease. Recently I started having pains in my knees. I'm 35 and sick of the worry. Doctor's keep playing around and wasting my time. I recently posted on here that I was also worried that I had neck/throat/ear cancer of some sort as I get constant sore throats for years, that come with ear aches, jaw pains and side neck pain that stiffens me. My eardrum will burst and it will go away for a bit, followed by bouts of extreme migrans. I've look and it seems rather gloomy for long term misdiagnosis of Lyme's Disease people for treatment. I'm also worried that this has hit my heart valve and I AT BEST will have a weak heart.

Help im really scared....!!!!!? Im scared that I might have heart valve disease. I am 15 years old. I have shortness of breath. Ive had it for the last 3 years. It doesnt happen during physical activity. It happens at rest. And it comes and goes. Sometimes it lasts hours, weeks or days. But then it will just go away for weeks or months and come back again. That is my only symptom. I feel like i have difficulty breathing in the trachea area btw. Does this sound like heart valve disease?

Abnormal EKG. Otherwise young, healthy, and freaking out!? Educated answers, please! I am 22 years old, female, healthy weight, blood pressure, no family history of anything. I have quite severe anxiety (specifically, when it comes to my health), and suffer panic attacks on occasion. I went in for a physical this week and asked my doctor to do an EKG, only because of the racing heart I felt during a panic attack. Fully expecting everything to come out fine, I was shocked when she told me that I had normal rhythm with an abnormal p-wave. I'm scared for my life. Have scheduled echocardiogram for tomorrow, but am constantly frustrated by doctor's vague responses to my questions. My doctor said they need to look more closely at the "upper chambers of my heart." So I need to know. What, specifically, are they looking for? I'm a chronic pessimist who would like to know the worst-case scenario going into the procedure. Am I looking at valve disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, possible extreme limitations on life? Other than palpitations (which are always associated with panic), I have no symptoms. Please, someone with some credibility, help me. "Dr. Google" has only made me more terrified.

Has anyone heard a squirting noise in one of your heart valves during an echocardiogram? I have an autoimune disease and I have had it for like 6 years and over the past year or so I have been having heart palpitaions and now some chest pasin with them. SO I just had an echocardiogram because the dr wants to check my vavles and make sure they are not damaged from inflammation. The damage can cause the valves the either not open all the way or not close all the way causing blood the regurgitate and when this happens it can cause symptoms like palpitations and pain. So when I was getting my echo done everything seemed to look and sound normal and then the tech checked the sound of this one valve (not sure which one it was) and it was making a squirting noise. All the other valves did not sound like this one and I am pretty sure that is not normal and the sound of leakage. Since it is Friday I am not going to be able to talk to my dr until Monday and it si driving me nuts! SO I am wondering if there is anyone out there who has experienced this before and can tell me what the squirting noise is I heard on the echo??

heart health advice to pain I am wondering if anyone knowledgeable about heart disease can help me b/c my narrow minded doctors refuse to. I have been to three doctors, one being a cardiologist. I am 23 and have had chest pain under my lower left bra-line of my chest for the past 4 years. I have had an EKG and Ecco done but only thing that has shown up is mitral valve prolapse which my doc. say is minor....My pain can be very severe to the point I am scared I am going to die in my sleep...it wakes me up in the morning mostly and is hard for me to get going in the morning or when I exercise or sleep on my side...the pain sometimes is in my left side of my back too....the pain in my chest though feels like blood is trying to pump through but can't and this terrible pressure, pinching, sqeezing feeling....My brother who is 21 has the exact same symptoms I experience to a T....we have had numerous conversations about this and it is so frustrating b/c doctors tell us that it is asthma, pulled muscle, stress or lung pain...It is very aweful b/c i keep wasting money going to the doctor and getting the same answers....the pain is worst w/ alcohol, coffee, salt and exercise, stress...i try to avoid all as much as possible which makes for a pretty boring life...anyway, if anyone has any advice or can relate to this I'd so appreciate some feedback b/c i'm too young and so is my brother to live the rest of my life like this. Thank you for any feedback!

Upper chest flutter, what is it? Please abstain from answering "go to your doctor"...I am looking for legitimate possible dx for what this is. For about 6 weeks now I have had increasing flutter/congestion midsternally in my upper chest. At first I thought it was a palpitation (triggered by caffeine possibly), but I came down with a cold for a week and it triggered a cough reflex. Now it is more constant (the cold is mostly gone) and I believe it is a mild congestion, but it really does not "clear." Lungs are clear to auscultation and I have no other symptoms. Just wondering if this is cardiac or respiratory, or none of the above. I cough mainly to be rid of the sensation, which is literally mid-sternal around the line of my 1st ribs. It does not radiate across my chest, it is very localized. I'm a hypochondriac (thanks to nursing school), so I'd just like some explanation that may keep my mind off of lung disease and heart valve problems. There is no pain. My rhythm is normal except for a split S2, which is normal for my age. As I said, I believe it is more respiratory than cardiac. I had an EKG two years ago and it was normal. I am only 25, the chance of CHF is rare.

Better to be informed or happy in ignorance until symptoms appear? Would you want to know if your pet dog had a disease like DCM that couldn't be cured, by having it tested by a cardiologist to detect early symptoms or be happy in ignorance until the symptoms appeared? ~ I had two Dobermann die last year, one suddenly on DCM and the other cancer (DCM was a complicating factor). I'm not sure I would want my pet Dobermanns tested once they reach 5 years old ~ It is possible to have your Dobermann tested for clinical signs by a canine Cardiologist and although this is such a serious problem (echocardiogram an ultrasound scan of the heart & holter monitor) DCM is a Dobermann related disease causing weakening of the valves in the heart and muscle walls. DCM is hereditary and dogs can and do die under year old. It is important not to breed into known DCM bloodlines as the genetic predisposition to the disease is dramatically increased.

Should i get life insurance at 18? Hi, im scared to death, to be completely honest. Right now i am 17 years old, last november (08) i found out i had a heart disease through a heart murmur (i had went in to that appointment for a completely different issue than my heart) they found out i have mitral valve prolapse with a tricuspid regurgitation. On a normal basis this would be harmless and you shouldnt really find out till your older also my cousin had died in november 1 of 2005 from a more serious heart condition and her heart just stopped at 8 years old. My dad had recently had mild chest pains and found out that in a 3 hour period he from about 140/ 85 to 190/104 (this isnt exactly accurate) and more extensive history with heart problems. My symptoms range from chest pains, fully blacking out once, lightheaded all the time, migraines, etc. And i am taking the beta blocker medicine atenelol. Right now i dont live at home so my main worry is that one day ill black out and hit my head on anything and noone will even know something had happened. My sisters mean life and more to me, i did my hardest and the most i could to raise them the best i could and if i were to leave like that and put my family in debt to have to pay for my funeral. Literally breaks my heart if something were to ever happen to me i want to know they will be taken care of and all they have to worry about is recovery and moving on. I feel it would be best but the people around me are telling me im over reacting. If you could please give me an answer to my long question, it would be amazingly appreciated. Thanks for reading

Something all mothers should know... Hurler's Syndrome? Affecting one in 100,000 people, Hurler's syndrome is a rare genetic disorder where the enzyme (alpha-L-iduronidase), which normally breaks down the mucopolysaccharides dermatan and heparin sulphate, is missing. These mucopolysaccharides build up in all tissues in the body causing progressive deterioration and eventual death. The disease was first described in 1919 in Germany by Dr. Gertrud Hurler. Hurler's syndrome babies often develop normally during the first year, but as the storage material (mucopolysaccharides) start to build up, the symptoms begin to appear. Early symptoms include frequent colds and ear infections. Hurler's children will, without therapy, experience profound mental retardation, coarse facial features and excessive hair growth, vision problems (due to clouded cornea), and severe heart problems (as the coronary arteries narrow and the heart valves thicken). Other symptoms may include carpal tunnel syndrome, curvature of the spine, frequent runny nose, hernias, and hearing loss. Most patients die of heart failure between the ages of 5 and 10. Because Hurler's syndrome is genetic, it is difficult to cure. Current approaches to Hurler's syndrome include genetic counseling for parents who are carriers of the disease, and improvements in early detection of the disease in unborn children (Hurler's can be detected with amniocentesis early in the second trimester). For Hurler's syndrome patients, a variety of treatments have been tried. The goal of treatment is to get the missing enzyme into the body. While the enzyme is now FDA-approved and available, studies have shown this doesn’t move into the brain well enough to prevent the neurologic aspects of the disease. To introduce alpha-L-iduronidase into the body, both gene therapy and blood, marrow or cord blood transplants are being explored. In gene therapy, researchers use a virus to place the gene that produces alpha-L-iduronindase into the patient’s cells. Transplants are performed to provide cells producing enzyme through the growth of normal, healthy blood cells. These blood cells appear to provide enzyme to other cells of the brain, preserving neurologic function. However, the enzyme does not appear to penetrate into the brain. Following successful transplant, patients do not suffer cardiac deterioration, and the accumulated mucopolysaccharides in the liver, lungs, and marrow slowly disappear. Vision and hearing generally improve post transplant, as well. Though the mental retardation does not progress, the patient’s IQ will typically stabilize. Thus the most successful transplants are those that are performed as soon as possible after diagnosis. Transplants performed after age 2 have disappointment results, because a BMT cannot repair the considerable amount of damage already done. Because older patients and those with prior lung problems do particularly poorly with transplant, the use of enzyme therapy prior to transplantation may be advantageous. The University of Minnesota has pioneered a study to test the use of enzyme prior to transplant, which is currently enrolling patients.

what is considered a normal/healthy fluctuation in blood pressure? just diag.w/CAD-coronary atherosclerosis? i am in my late 20's, diagnosed with mitral valve regurg at age 12 and last week was diagnosed with chronic ischemic heart disease-coronary atherosclerosis ( CAD) and also unspecified essential hypertension...my blood pressure has been perfect my entire life until very recently and i've just in the past 6 months had the symptoms that made me go to my cardiologist last week that led to my CAD diagnosis. my resting heart rate now is averaging about 115 and i could only last 5 minutes on the exercise nuclear stress test before i reached my max. heart rate...my bp today has gone from its lowest of 114/80 pulse 116 to the highest of 149/101 pulse 84...why would my pulse go down so much when my bp increased and vice versa? at one point today i was having intense chest pains and shortness of breath and my bp was 149/97 pulse 105...any knowledge on this would be appreciated! i go to my cardiodoc tuesday to discuss angiocardiography so if anyone knows about those, please share too! thanks!

What could be wrong? im 16 years old.? Sorry its kind of long! But please read it! Ok well i have a pulmonologist on January 13th, so im just asking this question to see what maybe could be wrong because i've run out of ideas. so, im 16 years old, 5'0 and about 94lbs. I was born with congenital heart disease, they are called Bicuspid Aortic valve, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic regurgitation, and an Enlarged aorta. The aortic stenosis is moderate, the Aortic Regurgitation and Enlarged aorta are both mild. I recently switched cardiologists because my other cardiologist didnt listen to me, my new cardiologist gave me a Cardiopulmonary stress test, and also a pulmonary function test(he sent the pulmonary function test to a pulmonologist to be read). So The stress tests came back normal, except that my heart rate went up faster then they would have liked, and it came down slower then they would have liked, but they didnt say much more than that. The pulmonary function test came back normal also. So here are my symptoms, i get short of breath very quick, sometimes just when walking,i cant run around or barely get up stairs because i can barely breathe. when i exercise i start getting short of breath and i get bad chest pain. I also get chest pain frequently, it feels like someone is squeezing my heart, its like an intense pressure and it hurts really bad, other times it feels like a sharp stabbing pain and i cant breath in because it hurts. I also get heart palpitations every once in awhile. Im always tired, i never feel like i get enough sleep no matter how much or little i sleep. Also my hands and feet turn cold all the time(my general) doctor said its raynauds disease, but i thought i would mention it anyways.) When i eat i dont have big appetite. Sometimes when just sitting around i feel like im not getting enough air, but it goes away after a few minutes. Im not sure what is going on, if its not my heart i dont know what to think, i thought i would ask on here but i am going to the doctors on Jan. 13th so im not trying diagnose myself i just wanted some ideas. Thanks :)

16 years old, What could be wrong? Sorry its kind of long! But please read it! Ok well i have a pulmonologist on January 13th, so im just asking this question to see what maybe could be wrong because i've run out of ideas. so, im 16 years old, 5'0 and about 94lbs. I was born with congenital heart disease, they are called Bicuspid Aortic valve, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic regurgitation, and an Enlarged aorta. The aortic stenosis is moderate, the Aortic Regurgitation and Enlarged aorta are both mild. I recently switched cardiologists because my other cardiologist didnt listen to me, my new cardiologist gave me a Cardiopulmonary stress test, and also a pulmonary function test(he sent the pulmonary function test to a pulmonologist to be read). So The stress tests came back normal, except that my heart rate went up faster then they would have liked, and it came down slower then they would have liked, but they didnt say much more than that. The pulmonary function test came back normal also. So here are my symptoms, i get short of breath very quick, sometimes just when walking,i cant run around or barely get up stairs because i can barely breathe. when i exercise i start getting short of breath and i get bad chest pain. I also get chest pain frequently, it feels like someone is squeezing my heart, its like an intense pressure and it hurts really bad, other times it feels like a sharp stabbing pain and i cant breath in because it hurts. I also get heart palpitations every once in awhile. Im always tired, i never feel like i get enough sleep no matter how much or little i sleep. Also my hands and feet turn cold all the time(my general) doctor said its raynauds disease, but i thought i would mention it anyways.) When i eat i dont have big appetite. Sometimes when just sitting around i feel like im not getting enough air, but it goes away after a few minutes. Im not sure what is going on, if its not my heart i dont know what to think, i thought i would ask on here but i am going to the doctors on Jan. 13th so im not trying diagnose myself i just wanted some ideas. Thanks :) I dont have any wheezing, and wouldnt the pulmonary function test have showed if i had asthma?

Am I getting roped around....again? Sure some of you have been following my questions, but Ill get to the point real quick again. Started with new cardio. on friday and got some weird answers. First he started I was to young to have heart problems that I describe (my symptoms, and im 21 btw) so that put a sour taste in my mouth. Second ive had highbp my whole life, he decided to take me off all the medicine, so in two weeks from now I couldhave a 24hourbphotler. That dont seem right. I also asked him about the valveregurgutation that was well noted in my records, specially the moderate pulmonary valve. He said I shouldn't worry about it, its common in people. Um....am I getting the rope around with my age again? He said he couldnt "smell" heart disease on me (analogy obviously) and that if I were to be having heart problems, I most def. wouldn't feel it because your heart has no nerves. I dont believe this guy for a second (4 months now and still the symtpoms) My fiancee said I should trust him, but I dont, any tips? Yes a mental problem, that must be it. Its been well documented through EKG's and echo's that I have heart issues. Includeding hypertrophy in my ventricles as well as 3 valves with regurgitation. High BP my whole life (160's/105's) and constant fainting from the chest pain. Or the fact that my renal arteries are close to being stentable and causing kidney swelling. Or the fact heart disease runs in my family quite hard. But right, yah I got mental issues. Only reason I changed cardiologist was because of the fact that I could not understand him well because of his accent, and apt. time issues with my work schedule. But hey a guy who says he cant smell heart disease on me must be right. Oh yah, the guy who says if your under 40 you wont have heart problems must be 100% correct. You could quite possibly be the worst poster on this forum ive ever encountered.

help me find whats wrong w/ my child....? my son who is 20 months has high liver & muscle enzymes, weak heart the 1 valve in his heart dosent pump properly, sleep apnea associated w/ asthma, when he was born he couldnt keep any food down and had eating problem's. When he was 2 mnths old me and hubby to him to the er b/c he wasnt moving his arm they did x rays and found 6 broken bones that were in various stages of healing with no excessive force to the bones. they arreseted my hubby put him in jail on charges of child abuse, but how was this child abused w/ no excessive force on his bones????? my sons eyes are tinted gray slightly he wears glasses and his short in stature hes 20 months old weighs 22 pounds and his 28 inches tall. PLEASE HELP ME list any disease;s or syndromes with the symptoms i listed above...... his arm was not broken in 6 places he had 6 different fracrures we brought him to the er cuz his arm popped. we did not know about any broken bones!!!!

someone help me!!! i need serious help!!!!!!which word goes with which sentence? sentences: 1. a virus that turns into AIDS 2. uses the cell's DNA to replicate its own DNA 3. blockage of blood to the heart 4. this tumor has no clear borders; spreadable 5. where the valves of the heart do not close 6. #1 STD in the U.S. 7. byproduct of broken down fats 8. this tumor can be removed or left 9. erratic rythms in the heart beat 10. blockage of blood to the brain 11. a foreign or chemical substance that can be harmful 12. a disease causing microbes 13. destroys cells by poisoning them 14. our body's second line of defense 15. this stage of influence is where the symptoms are at the worst 16. a long word for STD's 17. a cancer gene 18. a "bad" cholesterol-dump truck 19. too much insulin can result in 20. this pathogen can live in water 21. our body's first line of defense 22. this accelerates the growth of cancer 23. a period where cancer is growing without symptoms 24. digests the dead cells 25. another word for sugar 26. this STD is incurable; - - - - - warts 27. regulates blood glucose 28. our body's third line of defense 29. infections can be spread be dogs or other? 30. starts the development of cancer 31. a disease that can be spread through insects 32. pathogen that is spread through insects 33. the cell that "kills" the pathogen 34. athlete's foot and ringworm are examples of 35. binds to the pathogen and secretes antibodies 36. not having enough blood sugar leads to a diabetic - - - 37. a balloon-like device that is used to enlarge the artery 38. leading cause of death in the U.S. 39. this theory of cancer is the multiple --- theory 40. plaque and cholesterol build-up in the arteries 41. pressure on arterial walls at the heart's contraction 42. stage of influence where the pathogens are multiplying without any symptoms 43. pressure on the arterial walls when the heart is at rest 44. disease where blood sugar is too high 45. study of tumors 46. "good cholesterol" 47. "kissing disease" 48. requires insulin injections; type 49. 80% of all diabetics are this type words: two one mono HDL genital glucose phagocyte silent promoter physical-chemical protozoan insulin shock LDL t-cell b-cell angioplasty hit systolic diastolic oncology virus malignant insulin animals infectious disease oncogene sexually transmitted disease acute inflammation bacteria pathogen carcinogen stroke arrhythmias benign ketones chlamydia fungi coma cadiovascular disease atherosclerosis incubation diabetes HIV angina murmur immunity initiator thank you sooooooooooooooooo much!!!!!!!!!!

Basic Biology questions,,, need you guys' help!"!? 12. The assisted transport of a molecule across the cell membrane WITHOUT expenditure of energy is: (Points :1) diffusion facilitated transport active transport None of the choices are correct. 17. The five systems of the body that add or remove substances from the blood are the respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, urinary and: (Points :1) muscular lymphatic nervous reproductive 18. The relative constancy of the body, or the ability to maintain an optimum internal environment is called: (Points :1) metabolism dynamic equilibrium homeostasis systems coordination 20. The skin and its accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands are collectively called: (Points :1) the keratinous skeleton the integument the superficial dermatome glandular interface 22. CApillary beds: (Points :1) can be closed by a sphincter have the closest contact with body tissues contain the smallest blood vessels all of the choices are correct. 26. Choose the following statement concerning arteriers that is NOT accurate? (Points :1) All arteries have 3 layers All arteries carry oxygenated blood. All arteries carry blood away from the heart. Some arteries are so large, they need outside blood supply. 27. Cellular debris and old cells are cleaned up by: (Points :1) dendritic cells in the skin neutrophils macrophages All of the choices are correct 33. A vaccine contains: (Points :1) penicillin horse serum treated antigens antibodies 34. When a person is exposed to a disease for which they have been vaccinated, it is likely: (Points :1) they will never come in contact with the disease agent they will show immediate symptoms of the disease they will fight off the disease quickly they will die 38. Muscles that encircle tubes and act as circular valves are called: (Points :1) frenula sphincters cannula anastomoses 39. Choose the CORRECT statement concerning heartburn. (Points :1) It is caused by inflammation of cardiac tissue. It is due to acid reflux (back up) into the esophagus. It requires immediate surgery. It can be avoided with proper cardiac medications. 42. The heart lies within the pericardium. The inner pericardium: (Points :1) assists in pumping participates in gas exchange secretes a lubricating fluid spearates the two sides of the heart 45. Pressure in the aorta will be greatest during: (Points :1) systole diastole endostole hyperbole 46. Choose the following statement that is NOT accurate concerning the internal conduction system of the heart. (Points :1) SA node is on the superior dorsal wall of the right atrium The AV node is at the base of the right atrium. The AV bundle has two branches. The Purkinje fibers are found in the atria. 47. Body fluids conduct an electrical charge and electrodes that monitor activity of the heart give a printed record called a (an): (Points :1) electrocardiogram electrocardiograph cardiocryptogram None are correct. 48. Rapid and dangerously uncoordinated ventricular contractions are called: (Points :1) ventricular systole epileptic ventriculation ectopic focus ventricular fibrillation

What causes multiple organ failure? This started two years ago when I had encephalitis. I lost ability to count, spell, walk, talk, etc. After the inflammation went down I have since been left with fasiculations, brain fog, bowel issues, urinary issues. Soon gallbladder died and was removed due to doubling over in pain. HIDA scan showed 0% ejection faction. then blood pressure started to slowly drop until it is currently 80/40. Went to hospital.... low cortisol... they didn't test my ATCH so I don't know if I have Addison's Disease or Cushings or what. I know that the hypothalamus talks to the pituitary that communicates with the adrenal glands which produce cortisol. I have Erectile Dysfunction, Brain fog, testicular pain, and have been also diagnosed with Chronic fatigue Syndrome by positive EBV profile tests. It seems like my organs are and have been progressively growing towards failure. I also have clear urine which is a sign of the simplest form of diabetes but yet to be tested for that. All valves of heart have either slight or mild regurgitation. WHAT IS POSSIBLY CAUSING MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE OVER A PERIOD OF THE LAST TWO YEARS? Can a blood disorder do it? I have been to urologists, neurologists, Infectious Disease Doctors, Rheumotologists to test for Auto-Immune and still nothing. Can a Hormonal imbalance start killing off all of your organs? I did some reading and it talks about how there are connections to all of these symptoms but no definite relation to all of the symptoms except that hormones control quite a bit. So far they have me on Florinef so my Blood Pressure stays up until endocronologist can run all his tests. But what if his test show problems due to a larger problem? What causes the body to start failing everywhere and on every test? High Esonophils, increased # of small lymphocytes in CSF fluid but no MS, no lupus, no STD's. PLEASE HELP before I'm dead. Give me ideas, anything to throw a doctors way. Thankyou in advance.

Simple Biology Questions!! Need You guy's help1!!? 12. The assisted transport of a molecule across the cell membrane WITHOUT expenditure of energy is: (Points :1) diffusion facilitated transport active transport None of the choices are correct. 17. The five systems of the body that add or remove substances from the blood are the respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, urinary and: (Points :1) muscular lymphatic nervous reproductive 18. The relative constancy of the body, or the ability to maintain an optimum internal environment is called: (Points :1) metabolism dynamic equilibrium homeostasis systems coordination 20. The skin and its accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands are collectively called: (Points :1) the keratinous skeleton the integument the superficial dermatome glandular interface 22. CApillary beds: (Points :1) can be closed by a sphincter have the closest contact with body tissues contain the smallest blood vessels all of the choices are correct. 26. Choose the following statement concerning arteriers that is NOT accurate? (Points :1) All arteries have 3 layers All arteries carry oxygenated blood. All arteries carry blood away from the heart. Some arteries are so large, they need outside blood supply. 27. Cellular debris and old cells are cleaned up by: (Points :1) dendritic cells in the skin neutrophils macrophages All of the choices are correct 33. A vaccine contains: (Points :1) penicillin horse serum treated antigens antibodies 34. When a person is exposed to a disease for which they have been vaccinated, it is likely: (Points :1) they will never come in contact with the disease agent they will show immediate symptoms of the disease they will fight off the disease quickly they will die 38. Muscles that encircle tubes and act as circular valves are called: (Points :1) frenula sphincters cannula anastomoses 39. Choose the CORRECT statement concerning heartburn. (Points :1) It is caused by inflammation of cardiac tissue. It is due to acid reflux (back up) into the esophagus. It requires immediate surgery. It can be avoided with proper cardiac medications. 42. The heart lies within the pericardium. The inner pericardium: (Points :1) assists in pumping participates in gas exchange secretes a lubricating fluid spearates the two sides of the heart 45. Pressure in the aorta will be greatest during: (Points :1) systole diastole endostole hyperbole 46. Choose the following statement that is NOT accurate concerning the internal conduction system of the heart. (Points :1) SA node is on the superior dorsal wall of the right atrium The AV node is at the base of the right atrium. The AV bundle has two branches. The Purkinje fibers are found in the atria. 47. Body fluids conduct an electrical charge and electrodes that monitor activity of the heart give a printed record called a (an): (Points :1) electrocardiogram electrocardiograph cardiocryptogram None are correct. 48. Rapid and dangerously uncoordinated ventricular contractions are called: (Points :1) ventricular systole epileptic ventriculation ectopic focus ventricular fibrillation

How does your anxiety make you feel? and how else does it effect you? what are your physical symptoms? what helps you cope with your anxiety? medication? if not what helps you? for example, with me, when im nauseous, i cant focus on anything else, like reading to distract me. my mind gets consummed by the nausea, and i cant think of anything else. it seems that if i stop focusing on the nausea, it might make it worse... and my anxiety shows up unexpectedly, but that is apparently due to me having mitral valve prolapse (a minor VERY common heart condition that is said to cause other minor things such as anxiety) and ill just feel off, kinda nauseous, kind of scared, heart pounding. it can come and go, or stay awhile. im afraid, in general, of passing out, getting sick, things like that, in public, so i feel some of my anxiety comes when i need to go out with a crowd, and i get afraid that one of those things will happen so i get some anxiety symptoms when it comes to going out sometimes. when im sick, with a cold, i get scared it means i have a serious disease brewing so that makes me panicky on and off for a few days please share your anxiety stories with me? thanks! i also feel like it would be hard for me to have a 5 day a week job, because of the way i feel so weird on and off...and when i start to feel like that, the last thing i want is to be sitting and doing work, when i really need to go for a quick walk, and get fresh air. i dont wanna go on medication, i am realllly against it, but i might get a low dose of Xanax to take on a as-needed-few times a week (or less) basis

Could this be Hypoglycemia? hello , i have visited the doctor multiple times for my condition. I am being diagnosed with anxiety after all the tests i have had done; which include; Echo cardiogram, EKG, full body CT scan, thyroid, liver, kidney and pancreas function test, urinalysis.Gastrointerologist visits, Tested for celiac disease. stool sample was given also. Everything is pretty much normal, except i have Wolff parkinson white syndrome, and mild Mitral Valve prolapse. This problem has been ongoing for about 8 months, the very first day i started having symptoms i felt a bit dizzy,nausea,had loose stool with mucus appearance,mild chest pain, felt a bit depressed, insomnia, short of breathe. After that first day i no longer felt nausea but the other symptoms still occur. along with these other problems i have. Heart Palpitations upon waking up a few hours after falling asleep Tremors upon waking up Shortness of breathe after eating large meals or sugary foods Extreme insomnia Cloudy urine quite often and sometimes with mucus Loose stools, often undigested looking Stomach Noise all the time (every day) I believe i may have Tinnitus (ringing and clicking sounds in my ear) My tongue is white, which my dentist says its "Geographic Tongue" I often feel like i have a strong pulse in the middle to lower of my back, and the back of my head I have a fungus under my right toenail that will not clear up with medical cream after 9 months Some days i urinate like 15-20 times Used to feel Depersonalized until my Psychiatrist put me on Zoloft I dont feel depressed like i used to , i used to feel sad, but now im just not happy very often. I just got out of the army, in June this year, which i had just spent a year in Iraq and got back in March. When i first got back i felt a little weird.... i didn't feel quite right, I started having my physical symptoms and stuff when i got home to my family in April. I havent felt right since then. Im currently going to the VA clinic. And they probably see me as a Hypochondriac because i make so many appointments, and they just keep telling me i have anxiety. My mother has Hypoglycemia so i decided to research it and it seems to really fit the bill for my symptoms but im not sure. But my doc says that my blood sugar is fine, its been within 88-92 fasting for 12 hours at least. I pretty much feel bad all the time, i tried celexa for a month and i didn't sleep the whole time, now im on Zoloft for 2 weeks now and taking sertraline(sleeping pill) cause it does the same. Im a 23 year old male and i have been exercising often and trying to eat healthy which doesn't seem to help my mood very much . Any help/advice would be appreciated. sorry i mean the Sleeping pill i take is QUetiapine not sertraline

Should I go to the doctor? Alright so lets start at the beginning. I've always been one to have really poor stamina and as a figure skater this was always an apparent issue. Another apparent issue was the anxiety I would appear to suffer during tests and try-outs. When I'd have to endure events like these my heart rate would fly through the roof and still currently does. In fact my skating coach tells me that I sabotage myself with worry because these little "spells" go beyond being nervous and cut my already weak stamina in half, I usually vomit if I eat prior (I have even skated off the ice to throw up DURING a test) and basically I just have these SEVERE panic attacks. About a year ago I one of my friends died in a car accident. I was very distressed as one would be but this distress was different than other times. It would seem every other minute I would get this very severe pain in my chest, my heart in particular. It felt like something to big was trying to pass through and it was just incredible painful. I also had this weird sensation that my blood was like sputtering and having difficulty getting its way through my valves or something. It was like this for a few days and my mom took me to the doctor for it but by the time I had gotten to the doctor it was already going away. My mother does in fact have Mitral Valve Prolapse and for people who have that, you can hear a certain "clicking" noise as the heart beats. After I told the doctor my symptoms and after she said she could hear this "clicking" noise she predicted that I had it as well, although I had to wait a few days till the following Monday to have an Echo-cardiogram. The only problem with this was by the the time I had the echo done, my stress level had dropped significantly and nothing was picked up. However during my follow-up my doctor told me that the "clicking" can go away as stress goes away. But now it has been over a year and have continued to have discomfort. Nothing like I had after the passing of my friend but occasional sharp heart beats, and lately in particular I've been having what feels like a lot of pressure and soreness on my sternum and where my ribs connect. It almost feels like I've been doing ab exercises when I haven't. The pain is mostly that, particularly when I'm either really active like figure skating or when I stay in one position for a while. Like when I'm watching a movie or something. I've also been getting this on and off feeling of chest pressure, kind of like when you have a cold except I am perfectly healthy in that sense. It probably has been this way for a few weeks I've just been waiting for it to go away thinking it's nothing major. So I guess this big question after all this blah blah blah is do any of you think I should go? Or can any of you relate to this and know what I should do or the degree of seriousness? And both my parents have heart complications and their is a history of heart disease and in my family. The only thing that is stopping me is the fact that nothing was picked up last time and the cost to see a doctor. Thank you!

A good website for Heart disease , valves , symptoms ..?? My mother has "Miteral Prolaps" . I'm looking for heart disease symptoms, and heart wall thickness. could you please help me??

i have to make a case study on preeclampsia. below are the guidelines/examples.. pls help? I.Patient’s Profile General Data NameF.B. Age59 years old SexMale Civil StatusMarried OccupationHousewife History of Present Illness The patient has a known case of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD). Patient underwent Mitral Valve Repair (MVR) in 1999 and has been on Coumadin therapy with no regular follow up of bleeding parameters. Six days prior to admission, patient experienced headache and dizziness, but no consult was made. Instead, patient self-medicated with Bonamine which afforded relief. Three days prior to admission, headache persisted with increased severity, which prompted patient to seek medical assistance at FEU Hospital. Mobic and Iterax were given. Few hours prior to admission, patient was noted to have changes in sensorium and relatives decided to seek consult at Philippine Heart Center. Upon admission, patient was noted to be unresponsive, stuporous, and speechless, with GCS of 7 (E2V1M4). Past Medical History The patient has denies any history of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension. As mentioned, she had a history of Rheumatic Heart Disease and had Mitral Valve Repair in 1999. She is a non-smoker and non alcoholic drinker. Nursing Assessment (Problem-Based) Neurologic: LOC: drowsy to stuporous, 3-4 mm pupil size anisocoric, with brisk reaction to light; GCS – 9 (E4- Spontaneous eye opening V1- none/mechanical ventilation M4 – withdraws to pain) (+) doll’s eye reflex (+) babinski on right foot (-) corneal reflex, no visual threat Respiratory Patient is hooked to a mechanical ventilator through a tracheostomy. Ventilator set-up: 350/30/14/AC/5. (+) crackles on both lung fields. With equal breath sounds. Cardiac With atrial fibrillation; fine course, with occasional unifocal PVC’s. HR = 97 BP= 120’s-130’s/60’s-70’s. Musculo-Skeletal No contractures noted but there was stiffness noted at the right wrists and both ankle joints; with normal muscle tone and non-spontaneous movement; with severe weakness on both upper and lower extremities. Hematologic Latest PTPA: INR = 1.02 Act = 98% II.Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain Blood Supply of the Brain The blood supply of the brain derives from the aortic arch via the right innominate, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. It includes the conducting and penetrating vessels. The venous system draining the brain is divided into vertebral veins that receive blood from the cerebellum. The cerebral veins have no valves. All the veins of the brain terminate into dural sinuses. External Brain Structures The brain is grossly divided into three main areas: the cerebrum, the brain stem and the cerebellum. The largest portion of the brain is the cerebrum. It consists of two hemispheres that are connected together at the corpus callosum. The cerebrum is often divided into five lobes that are responsible for different brain functions. The cerebrum’s surface—the neocortex—is convoluted into hundreds of folds. The neocortex is where all the higher brain functions take place. The cerebellum lies in the posterior fossa, separated from the cerebrum by tentorium cerebelli. It exerts ipsilateral control. It has three principal lobes. The Flocculonodular lobe is part of the vestibular system. It controls muscle tone, equilibrium and body position. The Anterior lobe receives most of the proprioreceptive and interoceptive input from head and body. It controls automatic movements and coordination. The posterior lobe coordinates voluntary movement. The ventricles The ventricles are a complex series of spaces and tunnels through the center of the brain. They secrete cerebrospinal fluid, which suspends the brain in the skull. They also provide a route for chemical messengers that are widely distributed through the central nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that bathes the brain and spine. It is formed within the ventricles of the brain, and it circulates throughout the central nervous system. It fills the ventricles and meninges, allowing the brain to “float” within the skull. The Meninges The meninges are layers of tissue that separate the skull and the brain. The Dura mater is the tough and fibrous membrane. The Arachnoid membrane is the delicate membrane and contains subarachnoid fluid. Pia mater is the vascular membrane. The subarachnoid space is fprmed by the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. Normal Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the Choroid plexuses of the ventricle. It flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle passing through the interventricular foramen. Then it goes through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle. From there fluid flows to the subarachnoid cisterns through the foramina of Magendie and Luschka to bathe the cerebral hemispheres. It exits through the saggital sinus to be absorbed by the arachnoid villi. III.Pathophysiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) The term subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) refers to extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space between the pial and arachnoid membranes. SAH comprises half of spontaneous atraumatic intracranial hemorrhages, the other half consist of bleeding that occurs within the brain parenchyma. Intracranial hemorrhage as a whole comprises 20% of all strokes. Nontraumatic SAH usually is the result of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm or AVM. Blood extravasation into the subarachnoid space has a detrimental effect on both local and global brain function and leads to high morbidity and mortality rates. The classic clinical picture of SAH is marked by the onset of very severe headache, tagged as the “worst in life”. Other associated signs and symptoms are loss of consciousness, seizures, diplopia and focal neurologic signs. The early complications of SAH are rebleeding and hydrocephalus. Other complications include vasospasm, neurologic deficits, hypothalamic dysfunction and hyponatremia. Vasospasm from arterial smooth muscle contraction is symptomatic in 36% of patients. Neurologic deficits from cerebral ischemia peak at days 4-12. Hypothalamic dysfunction causes excessive sympathetic stimulation, which may lead to myocardial ischemia or labile detrimental BP. Hyponatremia may result from cerebral salt wasting (SIADH). Nosocomial pneumonia and other complications of critical care may occur. Pathophysiology Diagram Pathological Cycle Resulting from Increased Intracranial Pressure Surgical Treatment Ventriculo-peritoneal Shunting The ventriculo-peritoneal shunt diverts CSF from a lateral ventricle or the spinal subarachnoid space to the peritoneal cavity. A tube is passed from the lateral ventricle through an occipital burr-hole subcutaneously through the posterior aspect of neck and paraspinal region to the peritoneal cavity through a small incision in the right lower quadrant. IV.Nursing Diagnoses 1.Ineffective Breathing Pattern r/t neuromuscular impairment 2.Ineffective airway clearance related totracheobronchial secretions 3.Altered Level of Consciousness r/t decreased cerebral perfusion 4.Impaired Physical Mobility r/t neuromuscular impairment 5.Risk for Injury r/t possible shunt malfunction 6.Risk for Infection r/t post-surgical wound V.Discharge Care Plan (METHODS) MEDICATION •Reinforce importance of medication compliance to patient and her relatives; its time, frequency, duration dosage and route. •Advice to report unusual manifestations and side effects of drugs to physician. •Monitor and evaluate effectiveness of medication regimen. ENVIRONMENT/ EXERCISE •Instruct patients watcher to provide calm and non stressful environment to prevent stimuli that could lead to seizures and an increase in Intracranial Pressure •Advice to limit visitors •Provide environment within normal room and body temperature. •Maintain safe environment. •Institute seizure precaution. •Initiate positional precaution to prevent increase in intracranial pressure. •Teach patient’s relative to perform passive range of motion exercises on patient’s extremities. TREATMENT •Teach patient’s relatives proper shunt care. •Teach patient’s relatives how to suction properly. HEALTH TEACHING ON DISEASE PROCESS •Explain to patient’s relatives regarding patient’s neurological status and disease process, and its manifestations. •Discuss possible complications of VP Shunt and its signs and symptoms OUT PATIENT FOLLOW UP •Inform relatives regarding importance of compliance on follow-up check up. •In case of continued Coumadin therapy, stress the importance of regular PTPA monitoring. Diet •Refer to dietician for dietary instructions. SPIRITUAL / SEXUAL •Encourage patient’s relatives to seek spiritual support. •Encourage patient’s husband on alternative ways on showing affections such as hugs and kisses. XI.Bibliography Nolte, J. The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, Fifth Edition., Mosby, 2002. ISBN: 0-323-01320-1 Stoler, D. Coping with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Avery Penguin Putnam, 1998. ISBN: 0895297914 Human Anatomy and Physiology, Fifth Edition., 2000. ISBN: 0805349898. Zuccarello, M. and McMahon, N. “Subarachnoid Hemorrhage”. www.mayfield.com, June 2004. Rinkel GJ, Prins NE, Algra A. “Outcome Of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage In Patients On Anticoagulant Treatment.” www.pubmed.gov, August 28, 2000. Newton, Todd R., Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Emedicine from WebMD. www.emedicine.com., December 19, 2005.

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